Luminance and Colour Contrast Applications
Daniel Bedwell is an Accredited Access Consultant, Ordinary Committee Member with the Access Consultants Association – ACA, and Director of Obvius Access Consultants and qualified Interior Designer.
Luminance contrast is the difference in the light – reflective properties between two adjacent surfaces and is based on different tonal shades. Luminance contrast reflects on Light Reflectance Values (LRV). This is different to colour contrast which is based is based on hues.
Luminance contrast It is not only crucial for safe navigation for people with low vision, but it has universal benefits in that it can provide clear navigation, which can assist with wayfinding. This not only beneficial to older people but all people in that it increases our spatial awareness through our peripheral vision.

Applications
Mandatory luminance contrast under the National Construction Code - NCC 2025 relates to the following elements:

• doorways
• WC pan
• signage
• stair nosing
• lift control buttons
• luminance contrast bands to glazing, (which is opaque, free of logos for the required width) and contrasting with the foreground surface and
• Tactile Ground Surface Indicators - TGSIs.

Also, mandatory luminance contrast under the Disability Standards for Accessible Transport applies to the following elements:

• poles and obstacles within a pathway under Part 2.5.
• handrails under Part 11.1

Further to this best practice luminance contrast would apply to the following elements:

• joinery worktops
• door furniture
• ceilings, walls, and floors (or skirting to highlight junctions of horizontal and vertical planes
• lift doors
• stair and ramp handrails
• leading edges of doors (to contrast with the doors themselves) and
• ramp surfaces distinguished from the landings (to indicate the slope in interior spaces).

Luminance contrast to the handrails of stairs and ramps can be applied to all buildings to meet best practice and not just transport premises. See Fig 1 below:

Resources
Luminance contrast is based on the Bowman-Sapolinski equation based on the following formula:

​Online luminance contrast calculator apps are also available and can be effective when the LRVs are known from the chosen shades.
In addition, luminance contrast can be tested using equipment such as a Tristimulus colorimeter or spectrophotometer with diffuse illumination/normal viewing (d/o) geometry and CIE Standard Illuminant D65. Our Access consultancy can provide this service already. However, more complex testing of external elements may be undertaken by a testing organisation accredited by NATA (National Association of Testing Authorities). National Association of Testing Authorities

Minimum Legislation
Under the AS1428.1:2021 Clause 10.1 all doors are required to have a minimum luminance contrast of 30% provided between-

​(a) door leaf and door jamb;
(b) door leaf and adjacent wall;
(c) architrave and wall;
(d) door leaf and architrave; or
(e) door jamb and adjacent wall​.

​The minimum width of the area of luminance contrast shall be 50mm. The wording of this clause indicates that only one of these combinations is required.
As a best-practice measure, luminance contrast can be applied to the leading edge of the door, so the door remains clearly visible when left open without a door closer, particularly where the door matches the wall in luminance and the architrave is concealed.
The interior layout of a space can be understood spatially and assist people in navigating the space if sufficient luminance contrast is provided between critical surfaces, such as the ceiling, walls, doors, and floors as shown in Fig 2 below:

Critical Surfaces
​The luminance contrast of the ceiling is often uncluttered and can allow a person who is blind or with low vision to determine the size and layout of the space.
Other best practice requirements relate to joinery, in which luminance contrast is provided to joinery. This helps to provide prominence to vertical and horizontal surfaces and objects as shown in Fig 3 below:

Research
​According to the Project Rainbow Research of 1997, which is a collaboration of the University of Reading and the Royal National Institute of Blind people – RNIB, colour contrast – namely luminance contrast can enhance spatial awareness and wayfinding. The project Rainbow Research of 1997 led to incorporation in the UK Building Regulations of Part M vol 1 and British Standard BS8300:2018 v2 - Design of an accessible and inclusive built environment Buildings. Code of practice.
Sufficient contrast of at least 30% is required for objects, which extend beyond base supports, such as the seating shown Fig 4 below. The luminance contrast is important in this instance, particularly when the object may not instantly be detectable by the tapping of a long cane that is used by a person who is blind or with low vision due to the gap underneath.
The wide trims such as skirting boards and tiles can also highlight the junction of the floor, wall, and ceiling to enhance legibility of shorelines, by emphasising the junction of vertical and horizontal planes. 

​The luminance of contrast of signage is mandatory under the NCC. However, luminance contrast of braille could also be considered as shown in Fig 5 below: 

​Lighting and Reflectance
The effectiveness of the luminance contrast of these elements and critical surfaces depends on the reflectance of the materials used. High-gloss or highly reflective materials can cause glare under natural or artificial lighting, reducing the effectiveness of luminance contrast. Glare and shadows can also diminish the legibility of a space. Lighting should therefore be balanced, even, and sufficient to maximise the luminance contrast. Refer to Fig 6 below:

Colour Consultancy
Obvius Access Consultants also contain a qualified interior designer and can provide colour consultancy on residential and commercial buildings.
This advice includes colour schemes to meet various needs of clients, identifying colour treads, and colour pallets to meet specific moods and atmospheres of interiors.
We provide advice on how colour schemes work together and how they can impact the psychology of spaces, while meeting legislative requirements. For example, our consultancy can advise on the colour luminance contrast of Special Disability Accommodation, such as the floor and wall surfaces of walls of Improved Liveability Housing by using our experience of light, luminance and colour theory.

​This article is published on the Access Consultants Association - ACA Access Insight June 2026 at the following link. ACCESS INSIGHT JUNE 2026: Luminance Contrast | ACA

Aquatic Centres are an example of a highly functional space which aims to meet the needs of the widest range of people in the design, operation and maintenance. An aquatic centre is a dynamic environment, which includes the requirements of all people in society including families with young children, older people, people of all sensory, cognitive, mobility abilities, all gender and neurodiversity.
Inclusive design is a continuous process, spanning from concept and design brief to master plan, detailed design, and construction milestones. 

​Accessibility Overlay Maps
In the early design process, an accessibility overlay serves as method for identifying accessible features during the initial concept phase for aquatic centres. For instance, overlay site maps can illustrate pedestrian access pathways from designated accessible parking areas to primary entrances and related amenities.
They may also provide information regarding the location of changing rooms, sanitary facilities, and showers, which should be situated as close as possible to the accessible pool entry point—specifically, the ramp entry. This provision could minimise fatigue and discomfort for people with disabilities and some older people.
Therefore, an overlay map should reflect the complexity and size of the aquatic facility,  and include the following points as a reference. These points are simple examples rather than a comprehensive list to illustrate some of the components that could be identified from the outset:

• Accessible transport such as bus stops/transport hubs etc.
• Accessible car parking locations.
• Set down/drop off areas for accessible public transport, community vehicles, and coaches etc., (dependent on the size of the facility).
• The width of primary pathways and secondary pathways colour coded.
• Gradients of pathways colour coded based on grade.
• Rest areas and drinking fountains (dependent on the size of the facility).
• Equivalent arrival experience, i.e. ramps, walkways, stairs and lifts (if provided) and their context to the building entrance.
• Distances to changing rooms and facilities from the building entry point.
• Pool ramp locations or means of pool entry and their distance to changing rooms and sanitary facilities.

Planning early could enable the use of walkways at maximum gradients of 1:20 instead of ramps with a maximum gradient of 1:14 gradient as per AS 1428.1:2021. Walkways at 1:20 or less offer greater comfort and universal access. The provision of stairs in addition to the walkway also provide greater amenity for people with varying ambulant abilities.

​Entry to Pools
The National Construction Code Part 2022 Vol 1 Part D4D11 state that not less than 1 means of accessible water/exit must be provided for each swimming pool required by D4D2. As follows:
An accessible entry/exit must be by means of--
(a) a fixed or movable ramp and an aquatic wheelchair; or
(b) a zero-depth entry and an aquatic wheelchair; or
(c) a platform swimming pool lift and an aquatic wheelchair; or
(d) a sling-style swimming pool lift.
Where a swimming pool has a perimeter of more than 70m, at least one accessible water entry/exit must be provided by a means specified in (2)(a), (b) or (c).
To adhere to best practices, multiple methods of pool access should be available. For instance, Figure 1 illustrates a standard pool hoist designed to assist people with high support requirements.
The provision of a sling or hoist is not permitted as a single form of pool entry to a pool exceeding 70m perimeter, however, it could be provided in addition to ramps and platform lifts to pools. This is for reasons that some people with high supports needs cannot use a ramp independently.
A hoist is typically used by people who use water for therapy, in which the buoyancy of the water and sling can provide respite from a mobility aid. For example, high support education facilities may have training programs in which students would use a hoist for entry to the pool, due to that fact that the person may have higher support needs and may not have the motor skills to use a ramp and stay buoyant in the water. Therefore, hoists ensure additional access to the pools for people who cannot use a ramp independently to submerge into the water.

Figure 2 illustrates a pool ramp that supplements a hoist and features a shallower gradient of 1:16 to accommodate the increased resistance encountered in water. It is beneficial that ramps leading into pools do not exceed a slope of 1:16, as steeper gradients could impose excessive resistance and drag on individuals propelling aquatic wheelchairs through the water.
There could also be luminance contrast between the landing and the ramps to enhance safety. The wet deck also provides an opportunity to provide a textural and luminance contrast around the pool perimeter.
Tactile domes also, could be provided to all ramp and stair handrails in lieu of Tactile Ground Surface Indicators to pools as shown in Fig 1.
Additionally, incorporating a single step down to the bottom landing of the ramp should be avoided to facilitate a smooth transition and mitigating risks of tipping or injury. While a smooth transition may be feasible for 25m pools, entries into 50m pools often necessitate a platform ledge for pool entry due to the greater depth requirements of 50m pools. Specifically, compliance with NCC 2022 Vol 1 S16C2 (f) stipulates a bottom landing depth of 900–1100mm below the stationary water level while FINA (Federation Internationale de Natation) require a minimum depth of 1.8m throughout.

​A possible third way to enter a pool could be by means of stairway access, as shown in Fig 5. This type of entry is provided alongside ladder access, but the stairs have wider treads and lower steps to accommodate people with ambulant disabilities and some older people.
When stairway access is provided to pools, the ‘Going’ could measure 300mm to minimise the risk of overstepping when descending, while the ‘Riser’ could be set at 150mm. This combination enhances accessibility for all users, including older people, those with ambulant disabilities, and people with low vision. These specifications comply with the requirements established in AS 1428.2:1992 for risers and treads.

​As specified in the NCC Part D4D11 and Specification 16, a pool lift complying with the specifications of Part S16C4 could also be another consideration for pool entry to pools.

​This article is published on the Access Consultants Association - ACA Access Insight March 2026 at the following link.access.asn.au/access-insight-march-2026-universal-design-aquatic-centres/

Obvius Access Consultants and Purely Access Consultants, delivered a presentation on the Palm Beach Aquatic Centre and Community Centre at the Melbourne Town Hall on 14 October 2025. The Access 2025 Conference was organised by the Access Consultants Association (ACA).

The conference presentation welcomed over 250 participants, all dedicated to advancing inclusivity through the principles of Universal Design.
The event was attended by access consultants, building surveyors, community advocates, representatives from government and health sectors, as well as other industry professionals.  
The two-day event offered a comprehensive program including keynote presentations, interactive panel discussions, and industry exhibitions. Focusing on the theme “Universal Design – Inclusive Futures,” the conference examined how inclusive design principles can enhance built environments, products, services, and communities to ensure accessibility for all individuals, of all age and abilities.

​The conference demonstrated inclusive design in action by providing live captioning and Auslan interpreters.

The presentation highlighted the following key universal design considerations:

• Best practice in accessible car parking and set down areas.
• Best practice in universal access to pools.
• Best practice in the design of stairs and ramps.
• Toilets and change rooms, including all gender change, group, male, female, ambulant, accessible, ambulant showers and baby change /facilities for parents.
• Animal assistance relief area and mobility scooter recharge areas.
• Luminance contrast wayfinding and orientation.
• Wayfinding including Tactile Ground Surface Indicators and tactile maps.
• Hearing Augmentation strategy across the whole site.
• Best practice in egress ramps and signs.
• External infrastructure, such as seating, barbecue areas and drinking fountains.

In summary, the following are examples of items addressed in this presentation to support the effective integration of universal design within sports and recreational facilities:

1. Accessible car parking for people with a disability should be located at the closest point to the site entry ramp or basement lift.
2. The stairway, walkway, set-down area, and lift from the basement car park should all bring people into the building at a common entry point.
3. Pathway widths, walkways and ramps should always be at least 1800mm clear to allow passing spaces for all users.
4. Seats with armrests and backrests should be placed in shaded areas about every 60 meters.
5. It is recommended that walkway gradients do not exceed 1:20, in contrast to ramps which may have a maximum gradient of 1:14. Walkways with gentler gradients offer improved accessibility and typically eliminate the need for handrails or Tactile Ground Surface Indicators.
6. If ramps are unavoidable, consider designing for construction tolerance to help eliminate the risks of non-compliance by designing at 1:16.
7. In addition to providing ramps, also install stairs, as some individuals with ambulant disabilities may find stairs more suitable than ramps.
8. Design stair goings and risers to match AS 1428.2:1992 pitch ratios for easier access by people with ambulant disabilities and some older individuals. Ensure all other stair components meet the National Construction Code D4 requirements.
9. Provide tactile and braille maps of the site layout and connect these with Directional Tactile Ground Surface Indicators. (Clear site maps benefit everyone, while tactile features on floors and signs help people with low vision navigate the area.)
10. Consider push buttons to unisex accessible toilets for the benefit of ease of use and hygiene for all users including people with prams, mobility devices users, or people with varying levels of motor skills and dexterity.

Written by: Daniel Bedwell Access Consultant